Acoustic and behavioral responses of the American manatee (Trichechus manatus) to anthropogenic disturbances: an integrative systematic and bibliometric review.

Abstract

The American manatee (Trichechus manatus) faces increasing anthropogenic threats in its habitat. In this integrative review, we synthesize current knowledge on the behavioral and acoustic responses of manatees to anthropogenic disturbances, including tourism activities, environmental noise, and port operations. Our literature search identified 40 studies published between 2000 and 2025 that investigated the responses of Florida (T. manatus latirostris) and Greater Caribbean (T. manatus manatus) manatees to anthropogenic impacts. Results show that manatees adjust their behavior in response to disturbances, including changes in movement, activity patterns, and habitat use. Acoustic responses include alterations in vocalization duration and rate. Most studies were conducted in Florida, USA, on Florida manatees, whereas the Greater Caribbean manatee was more extensively studied in Brazil, Mexico, and Belize. We identified important gaps, such as the lack of studies on the impact of recreational aquatic tourism and direct human interactions, especially in Central and South America. Addressing these gaps is crucial to improve conservation and management strategies for the American manatee.